Due to the wave–particle duality, the high-energetic electrons behave as matter waves with wavelength of a few thousandths of a nanometer. At these energies samples are transparent for the electrons if the sample is thinned enough (typically less than 100 nm). In transmission electron microscope, a thin crystalline sample is illuminated by parallel beam of electrons accelerated to energy of hundreds of kiloelectron volts. Especially with appropriate analytical software, SAD patterns (SADP) can be used to determine crystal orientation, measure lattice constants or examine its defects. It is a specific case of electron diffraction used primarily in material science and solid state physics as one of the most common experimental techniques. Selected area (electron) diffraction (abbreviated as SAD or SAED) is a crystallographic experimental technique typically performed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). SADP of a single austenite crystal in a piece of steel
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